Tailored treatment to the patient’s symptoms and clinical diagnosis and future treatment modalities with hypocretin agonists, GABA agonists, histamine receptor antagonists and immunomodulatory drugs should be aimed at addressing the underlying cause of narcolepsy. In addition to therapeutic advances, standardized criteria for narcolepsy and diagnostic measures are widely accepted, but they may be reviewed and updated in the future with comprehension. To treat narcolepsy, more research should be focused on identifying molecular targets and novel autoantigens. There have been significant advances in highlighting the pathogenesis of narcolepsy, with substantial evidence for an autoimmune response against hypocretin neurons however, there are some gaps that need to be filled. This review also reports all of the most recent updated research and therapeutic advances in narcolepsy. To facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders and to better understand the neuropathological mechanisms of this sleep disorder, this review summarizes current knowledge on narcolepsy, in particular, genetic and non-genetic associations of narcolepsy, the pathophysiology up to the inflammatory response, the neuromorphological hallmarks of narcolepsy, and possible links with other diseases, such as diabetes, ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment is tailored to the patient’s symptoms and clinical diagnosis. The differential diagnosis is essential because relatively clinical symptoms of narcolepsy are easy to diagnose when all symptoms are present, but it becomes much more complicated when sleep attacks are isolated and cataplexy is episodic or absent. Because of the associated neurological conditions, the exact pathophysiology of narcolepsy is unknown. Many people experience neurological complications such as sleep cycle disruption, hallucinations or sleep paralysis. The majority of people with narcolepsy experience cataplexy, which is a loss of muscle tone. Excessive daytime sleepiness and brief involuntary sleep episodes are the main clinical symptoms. Some clinical symptoms enter into differential diagnosis with other neurological diseases. Narcolepsy is a chronic, long-term neurological disorder characterized by a decreased ability to regulate sleep–wake cycles.
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